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How it works

Studied for activating an enzyme (telomerase) linked to cellular aging, and for regulating melatonin.

Most reported

• Better sleep
• Interest for its effect on cellular aging

Evidence level

Very limited human data; mostly Russian and animal studies.

Common side effects

Well tolerated; mild injection-site reaction.

Combines / avoids

Usually used alone, in short cycles with long breaks.

Typical use

10-20 day cycles (5 mg/day), 2-3 times a year.

How it works

Activates a cellular "switch" (AMPK), the same one exercise turns on, linked to energy use.

Most reported

• More energy
• Metabolism support
• Better endurance

Evidence level

Very young (discovered in 2015); little human data.

Common side effects

Injection-site reaction; little long-term info. Banned in sport (WADA).

Combines / avoids

Used alone, in cycles.

Typical use

~5 mg every 5 days, in ~20-day cycles.

How it works

It's a "fuel" cells use to produce energy; its levels drop with age.

Most reported

• More energy
• Mental clarity
• Sense of recovery

Evidence level

Used in clinics; human evidence is mixed.

Common side effects

The injection can burn (that's why it's slow and diluted), flushing, nausea if given quickly.

Combines / avoids

Used alone. Once reconstituted it degrades quickly (use within ~2 weeks).

Typical use

Dose of 50-100 mg, 5 days a week, via slow injection.

How it works

Binds cardiolipin, a lipid in the inner mitochondrial membrane, helping the energy-producing machinery keep its structure and run with less oxidative stress.

Most reported

• Improved muscle strength observed in the open-label extension of the small Barth syndrome study
• Interest in fatigue and mitochondrial function (unconfirmed in the general population)
• Injection-site reactions

Evidence level

A specific, narrow accelerated approval for Barth syndrome: the randomized portion (12 people) missed its primary endpoints; improvements were seen in the open-label extension. MMPOWER-3 (218 people, primary mitochondrial myopathy) did not improve 6-minute walk distance or fatigue vs placebo, and ReCLAIM-2 also missed its primary endpoints. For longevity, energy or performance there is no conclusive human evidence.

Common side effects

Per the FDA label, injection-site reactions are common and hypersensitivity — including serious allergic reactions requiring emergency treatment — has been reported. Safety is characterized mainly in the small approved population.

Combines / avoids

No evidence-backed combinations. The mitochondrial stacks circulating in communities are speculative.

Typical use

The only supported regimen is the approved Barth syndrome label, prescribed by a physician. We do not publish regimens for other uses.